A Historical Perspective on Reading Research and Practice Essay Example for Free

A Historical Perspective on Reading Research and Practice Essay This article has responded to both internal and external forces resulting from gradual and dramatic transitions based on historical perspectives. This has permitted a reasonable reflection and a sense of wisdom that is susceptible to loss when one engages in it. The underlying reason is the critical dimension to the present day events and issues analysis resulting from the broadened reading culture. In the late 20th century, reading became a recognized study field with systematic research programs aiming at ascertaining its fundamental nature and its acquisition process. This resulted from the confluence of social, educational, political and economic factors. Quantitative and qualitative changes in U. S. public schools’ systems after the World War II provided favorable environment for the reading transitions. Reading processes and skills were broken down into constituent parts which were practiced and reinforced in a systematic and orderly manner during classroom sections. Reading became a conditioned behavior based on certain environmental contingencies. Individuals positively responded to learning from repeated and controlled stimulation from the environment. This stimulus-response relationship was accompanied by rewards and punishments led to the habituation of the reading act (Alexander Fox, 2004). Therefore, academic learning involved identification of the preferred behaviors prerequisites and training. This aimed at untangling the chained links in reading so as to train the learner in each component skill. In addition, material effectiveness was structured and controlled in the delivery of environmental stimulation and practice opportunities. Emphasis on studying observable behavior focused on reading as a perceptual activity which included identification of visual signals and validating diagnostic instruments and remedial techniques. However, alternative human learning theories which focused on perceptual process as a whole still operated on underground which examined that reading is per introspection rather than through behavior. Human beings could make a coherent sense out of the perceptional data through whole-word recognition, context comprehension and word identification thus considering reading as a unique human activity owning definitive characteristics. Increased interest in internal mental structures and processes ignited by the advancements in neurology and artificial intelligence has caused transformations in the learning institutions. Moreover, the dissatisfaction with behaviorism as an explanatory system caused changes. The article points that present institutions should conceptualize learning as a natural process rather than conditioning and that language should be developed through a meaningful use. Also learning to read should be viewed as an inherent ability rather than a reflective action with laborious skill acquisition. As a result, reading research unified the literacy field through language arts. Learning to read became a matter of arriving at a facility due to the understanding quest within a language-rich environment. The growing attention to the structure and processes of the human mind and increased federal funding by the Unites States led to creation of research centers caused another theoretical transformation. These new researchers explained human language as an interaction between symbol system and mind. Learning as a natural metaphor was replaced with a mechanistic information processing metaphor. Text-based as a form of learning, involved knowledge which was organized and stored within the individual mind (Alexander Fox, 2004). In addition, Knowledge base was depicted as powerful, persuasive, individualistic and modifiable since it was linked to the individual’s perspectives on what they had read, their interpretation and recall out of the written text. The information processing of this period resulted in cognition-related constructs which strengthened the aforementioned characteristics of knowledge. Furthermore, it focused on the individual mind. This was because the computer-based guiding had little considerations of socio-cultural influences in processing linguistic information. To add on, the research studies stressed on individualistic interpretations of written text and exhibited that the knowledge of the students could be greatly modified through training, direct intervention and/or overt instructions. Other contributors of improved text comprehension were instructional environments and pedagogical techniques. In view of any reading approach, there must be a shift away from the neurological argument to much concern for naturalism in the materials and procedures used to teach reading. Moreover, they should create unity within the language arts. The cognitive psychology gave a new viewpoint for literacy and educational researchers. It studied literacy with naturally occurring texts in natural settings with holistic and aesthetic school of thought. It aimed creating a mutual understanding arising in the social interaction of individuals in particular contexts at a time (Alexander Fox, 2004). The dominant perspective was learning being a socio-cultural collaborative experience and the learner being a member of the learning community. Reform on modern schools  Present day schools should anticipate for motivation in the form of readers’ achievement of goals, interest and involvement in the learning experience with change in perception of texts, reader and reading. This can be achieved due to the introduction of the hypermedia and hypertext forms of learning which has increased the attention in classroom discourse thus improving the students’ academic. Effective orientation has to be done so as to capture the complexity of reading and recognize the changing nature of reading as the reader engages in a range of reading-related, goal-directed activities. With the dichotomization of reading into learning to read and reading to learn, it has led to integrated and developmental learning perspective. Engaged learning has led to the acknowledgement of the fact that reading extends to the texts students come across daily such as nonlinear, interactive, dynamic and visually complex materials transmitted using audiovisual media. Current learning institutions should learn about the potentials of alternatives nonlinear media and examine how pedagogical techniques and learning environments can be adapted to aid readers from struggling with traditional texts. Students should be encouraged to participate in meaningful and goal-directed text-based learning. Moreover, attention should be drawn to create a personally and socially valuable body of knowledge. Strategies are put in place to promote reflection, choice and deliberate execution on the learner’s part which actively engages the leaner thus developing the reading perspective. To be complete, readers, and learners should focus on demonstrating fluency in reading and other basic linguistic skills. Workable solutions  Some of workable solutions would include provision of personally relevant texts, both traditional and alternative that will promote deeper and wider student engagement in their learning. Putting in place technological advancements capable of transforming learning and teaching through production of proliferated information sources and different text types can also be productive. Involving high-stakes testing and efforts to institute national standards have hastened the students’ learning since they prescribe the content and skills learners should have acquired at various institutional levels. Investments in basic reading skills and components in special education institutions have helped struggling readers since researchers have greatly supported. Changes which might improve things One of major consideration that should be put in place is recognition of the fact that reading is invariably physiological, psychological and sociological thus an integrated orientation is a prerequisite. Therefore physical, visual, and neurological stimuli to the learning processes should also be employed. In addition, every reading process needs to enhance the psychological interpretation, storage and retrieval of text, goals formulation and expression of interests. Sociologically, a reading culture that focuses in intra-individual and inter-individual communication through linguistic media that are socio-culturally influenced can also play a big role in changing the existing education. Lastly, a fine-grained reading view that incorporate brain structures and mental activities of an individual and social behavior have to be integrated meaningfully throughout these orientations.

Unjust Classification of Literature :: essays research papers

The Unjust Classification of Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The content of literature has been criticized and classified throughout history. Occasionally, stories become known as immoral literature in the eyes of society. This can be damaging both to sales of the book and the reputation of the author. Kate Chopin wrote two stories that are examples of literature deemed immoral by society. â€Å"The storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† were written and the end of the nineteenth century. A time without many liberal opinions towards literature, as well as civil rights. Often critics judge a piece of literature only on the literal meaning of the phrases inside, while ignoring the actual message from the author. Chopin’s two stories were criticized for the impression she gave of woman’s attitudes towards their husbands and marriage. Although her stories seem to contain women that do not respect marriage, the women actually have total love and respect for their husbands The misinterpretation of stor ies leads to the unjust classification of literature as immoral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Storm† have different plots, but both convey a similar message from Chopin. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was written about a wife ,Mrs. Mallard, who receives the sad news of her husbands death. She is flushed with conflicting emotions of sadness from the death, but also joy for the freedom from marriage that his death brings. A twist in the story takes place when she is confronted with her still living husband and she dies from the shock. Chopin wrote of a woman so caught up in married life, she forgot all of the liberties that she had sacrificed for the marriage. â€Å"The storm† tells of another wife, Calixta, living what was a normal life for a woman in the late nineteenth century. While her husband and son are kept inside a store by a passing storm, Calixta is greeted unexpectedly by an old boyfriend, Alcee. Spending time with Alcee releases feelings from Calixta that had been building up thr oughout her marriage. Calixta and Alcee give in to temptation, but never lose their sight of love for their families. Both stories suggest women in marriages sometimes feel imprisoned by the relationship and seek an outlet for their emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marriage is a sacred bond and should always be honored. Infidelity is the worst act that can be perpetrated on a significant other. The wife, Calixta, betrayed her family and the church by cheating on them.

Reaction Paper to a Motivation Article

REACTION PAPER Topic: â€Å"INCENTIVES ARE NOT THE SAME AS MOTIVATORS†Mr. Clayton Christensen, a renowned author in the field of management, wrote an article entitled â€Å"INCENTIVES ARE NOT THE SAME AS MOTIVATORS†. He enlightens his readers on the difference between incentives and motivators. He was born on April 16, 1952 at Salt Lake City, Utah (USA). Besides being a teacher and a consultant, he is also famous in writing articles about innovator’s dilemma. This article was published by Carmen Nobel last June 4, 2012.Some people may say that â€Å"incentives† and â€Å"motivators† are synonymous to each other, but they are different in a major way. Incentives are somewhat like â€Å"prizes† set for the persons who did something beneficial. Meaning, people will do their best to get the prize. Whereas for motivators, it is somewhat like â€Å"encouragements† to persuade people to do their best to enhance their own skills. It is more la sting and holistic. â€Å"Do this and you’ll get that,† These are the words that we always hear from our parents.This is also a very common and popular phrase in companies. Some corporations rely on some sort of incentive programs, wherein there will always be â€Å"fabulous prizes† if the company’s productivity improves. Henry L. Gantt, contributor to Scientific Management, had designed a program wherein every worker who finished a day’s assigned work load would win a 50? bonus for that day. Because of this, of course, we can conclude that all workers labored to win the prize.But behind all these incentives, do all workers really have passion for their work? In my personal experience, when I was young, I also did the household chores because of incentives – washing dishes for new toys, clothes, and other things; cleaning the house for cell phone load; and many more. But after some time, I realized that without any incentives, I am not motiv ated to perform those tasks. Motivations came when I realized that upon completion of the assigned tasks, I can enjoy and benefit from it.I can feel and enjoy the fruits of my labor. In conclusion, I agree with the author that motivations are better than incentives. If you would look at it carefully, if the incentive program will to be used, people will only do their job because of that â€Å"something† that will be given afterwards. However, if the motivation program will to be introduced instead, it would inspire people to do their best at all times, in order for them to be proud, and contented with what they have done, and with what they have achieved.

Are Video Games Changing Us - 1388 Words

Are video games changing us? In 2008, 97% of twelve to seventeen year olds in America played video games, thus fueling the domestic video games by $11.7 million. Ten out of the top twenty best-selling video games contain violence. Many of these violent video games have been accused of incidents that include crime, bullying, and behavior problems. As the popularity of violent video games increase, more people become victims of behavior problems such as depression, aggressiveness, and addiction. Although video games were intentionally created for entertainment purposes, through studies and experiments it has been established that they are factors of behavior problems because of the active interaction people demonstrate while playing video†¦show more content†¦The more violent video games that young adults play, the more they develop personalities which reflect risk taking, rebelliousness, and risky behavior. This type of behavior change in adolescents can lead to destructive habits such as excessive drink ing, dangerous smoking, and reckless driving; which not only affects them, but can also cause harm to the people around them. In the second experiment, participants were told to play certain violent video games and after they were done they had to create a hot sauce for a taster who did not particularly like spicy food. The participants who played the more competitive video games, prepared a spicier hot sauce than whose who played lesser competitive games. This experiment proved that competiveness may be the main video game characteristic that influences aggression (Adachi). Through this experiment, competitiveness proves to be a great factor in the relation of violent video games with aggressive behavior, which strengthens the idea that violent video games promote behavior changes. In the third experiment operated by the American Psychological Association, participants were exposed to media content of risk taking such as extreme sports, and non-risk taking content. Afterwards, the researchers measured how willing participants were to engage in risky behavior. The results of this experiment proved that video games that glorify risk wereShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Scanning of Nintendo662 Words   |  3 Pagesenvironment. This consists of broad environmental factors that have an impact on the organization. The PESTEL framework helps us to identify the future trends which might impinge on Nintendo and therefore identify the key drivers of change. On the other hand the five forces framework helps to understand how the competitive dynamics within and around the video game industry are changing. PESTEL Framework: This categorizes environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technologicalRead MoreThe True Behavior Of Violent Video Game Players1305 Words   |  6 Pages2015 The True Behavior of Violent Video Game Players In October 1958, a Physicist named William Higinbotham successfully created the first interactive computer software purely for entertainment; a simple idea of two panels bouncing a dot between one another. This was later rebranded as the famous title Pong, the original that Higinbotham created was generated on an oscilloscope, which is a small computer designed to test electrical equipment. Today, video games are huge in terms of consumer acceptanceRead MoreInformative Speech Evolution of Video Games Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesworld of video games. Ever since then technology has grown incredibly now making a fun hobby out of it that people can really enjoy. I myself have made it a hobby and try to keep up with all the latest devolvement’s in the gaming world. Some of my fondest memories are from when I was about 4 years old and I would wake up and go play Mario with my grandpa on my old Nintendo 64. Today I’m going to explain the past of video gaming, where we are today and what is to come of the video games in the futureRead MoreVideo Games : The Dominance Game1184 Words   |  5 PagesDominance game â€Å"None of it will come as a surprise to anyone who’s remotely familiar with video games. For decades, players have been rewarded with flesh, sex and innuendo for progress in games spanning the original â€Å"Metroid† to the most recent â€Å"Grand Theft Auto.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Beres) The stereotype â€Å"gamer† used to be a nerdy, white, young male, in fact that image has been changing over the past couple years. Females nowadays are starting to play video games more and more but the video game industry isRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Be Banned Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesviolent video game become more and more advanced. The effects of media violence on video games has been increasing in people’s daily life. It is still be an issue and have a lot of debate on whether or not violent video games should be banned. In this essay, violent video games can be defined by RWJF Blog Team as those video game which represent violence as the best or only way to resolve conflict.( Pioneering ideas 2010). This essay will discussed by two reasons for violent video game shouldRead MoreVideo Games Should Not Be Classified989 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games should not be classified as â€Å"bad† and if someone classifies them that way then hopefully they have some kind of different outlook after reading this. Where video games get this negative outlook is from the inglorious bastard genre of the â€Å"action† or first person shooter, when in reality, that’s one genre of 10’s if not 100’s of others that are established. Video games do in fact have beneficial attributes even though people think of them as addictive brainwashing mechanisms, and thereRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Our Children1627 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games have been accused of contributing too many acts of violence or aggression for decades. What the media misses is that video games have many benefits we haven’t found in any other media. Society should stop being afraid of vide o games and instead start looking forward to how we can best use them to benefit ourselves and our children. Anyone who doesn’t understand why needs only take a quick look at our society. Per a survey, â€Å"90% of children in the United States play video games and 70%Read MoreThe Violence Of Video Games971 Words   |  4 PagesMost kids today play video games to entertain themselves and it’s their hobby. Today kids and even young adults play games like Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V), Call of Duty, and Fallout 4. All three of these games were one of the top games of their respective year of release. What do they all have in common? They depict violence in a way that its becoming more realistic every year they’re sequels are released. But what’s up with people blaming video games for mass shootings and other heinousRead MoreEssay about Negative Effects of Technology Outweigh the Positive1099 Words   |  5 Pagescomputers, and gaming systems. These gadgets give us the opportunity to be connected to each other and the rest of the world at all times. But, this is not a glorious step in history. Technology blinds us from the real world. As John Tudor said, â€Å"Technology makes it possible for people to gain control over everything, except technology.† We may run our lives with the help of our iPhones and computers, but do these forms of technology in turn control us? At first glance these new advances are greaterRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House1249 Words   |  5 PagesVery few other animals do this, and only ones with a complex neural network have the desire to complete puzzles for enjoyment. Over 40% of Americans play video games at least three hours a week; 1.2 billion people play video games worldwide. Games have always been a form of entertain ment, chess is a melena and a half years old, but video games only arose in the last 60 years. Making their mark on history and are slowly taking over the world, the electronic world is becoming more seductive than the

Walt Disney And Steve Jobs - 1458 Words

Throughout many generations of remarkable feats the late Walt Disney and Steve Jobs are two men who were influential to their eras. Both gentleman had tremendous capabilities that surpassed the average person. Their creativity allowed them to dream big, but even better they made dreams a reality. Walt Disney and Steve Jobs had many things in common, such as aspects of imagination. However, the two men were from different time periods. Disney was born in 1901 in Chicago, while Jobs was born in 1955 in San Francisco. Both men were molded by two different eras, where Disney was generally more formal, wore a suit and had a conservative businessman personality of the 1920’s , while Jobs demonstrated the fast-paced, shirt and jeans, over-optimistic mentality during the dawn of the technology period of the 1960s throughout the 21st century. They also deviated in their different managerial styles, had many diverging ideas about creative endeavors, and also differed in the beliefs of w hat their esteemed audiences and customers desired and deserved. But, beyond their visionary concepts, both gentlemen shared an aspect that would link them and their legacies into the fabric of American business and culture: Failure. By encountering failures throughout their lives, Disney and Jobs’, were able to cultivate a mentality to push beyond the ordinary. Before Disney’s Mickey Mouse, he would first have to lose the rights to Oswald and his other cartoons. Jobs’ would first encounter failureShow MoreRelatedThe Most Important Characteristics Of A Leader Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant characteristics of a leader is their imagination. P2: Some people think the most important attribute of a leader is knowledge. ∠´ I agree with both positions since some leaders are effective based on their comprehensive knowledge of their job, whereas other leaders are extremely effective based on their extra ordinary imagination. Is it more important for a leader to have imagination or knowledge? A person that possesses an imagination can be exposed to a wider world of wisdom. PeopleRead MoreConflict at Walt Disney- Case Study1170 Words   |  5 PagesConflict at Walt Disney Eve Stapler Webster University Conflict at Walt Disney Within every organization there is some type of conflict, whether the conflict is personal, organizational or emotional. But the key is to manage the conflict so as to not hinder the profitability, functionality or public image of the company so that it is viable competitively. In the case of the Walt Disney Company, although the company had conflict within the organization, this did not hinder its competitivenessRead MoreInnovate the Pixar Way1279 Words   |  6 PagesProducts: feature films, short-films, animations, commercials, softwares Key people: †¢ Ed Catmull, President,Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ John Lasseter, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ Steve Jobs, former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios and member of the Board of Directors at The Walt Disney Company Owner: The Walt Disney Company (since 2006) About the book INNOVATE THE PIXAR WAY (2010) by Bill Capodagli and Lynn Jackson †¢Read MoreInnovate the Pixar Way1285 Words   |  6 PagesProducts: feature films, short-films, animations, commercials, softwares Key people: †¢ Ed Catmull, President,Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ John Lasseter, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ Steve Jobs, former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios and member of the Board of Directors at The Walt Disney Company Owner: The Walt Disney Company (since 2006) About the book INNOVATE THE PIXAR WAY (2010) by Bill Capodagli and Lynn Jackson Read MorePixar Of Pixar Animation Studios1106 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals, was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 with investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he was fired from Apple (4). Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as capital into the company. Pixar revenue has been doubled significantly during 1995 to 2003 especially after releasing Toy Story series. The significant milestone in Pixar history was when Walt Disney acquired the company by 5.7 billion dollar. In This paper, strategic decisionsRead MoreMerger Between Walt Disney and Pixar1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthat choice to compare and contrast. While researching the information on Disney and Pixar, I came across some differences between Steve Jobs and Michael Eisner regarding how the two companies will work together. Going through the articles that I have read through they all show that Disney and Pixar has always been competing against each other on who can make the best animated motion picture. Here is a little history Disney has always been about producing animated features and live-action movies andRead MoreDisney996 Words   |  4 PagesAnimation. The book, about the making of the Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty, proved to be a revelation for Lasseter. He discovered that people could earn a living by developing cartoons. Lasseter started writing letters to The Walt Disney Company Studios regarding his interest in creating cartoons. Studio representatives, who corresponded with Lasseter many times, told him to get a great art education, after which they would teach him animation. When Disney started a Character Animation ProgramRead MoreThe Conflicts And Politics Of Walt Disney1323 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscord which arises as a result of the opposition of needs and interests between the employees who are working together. The various conflicts and politics which affected Walt Disney in the past were caused by the falling company under the management of Michael Eisner. During the early 2000 s, Eisner who was the then CEO of Walt Disney was under a lot of criticism due to the company s falling performance and also his centralized decision-making process. The major cause of the conflicts was that thereRead MoreMergers and Acquisition939 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement work to achieve a common goal, being the best at what you do, and getting there as fast as possible. As companies work hard to beat their competitors they accept many tactics to do so. As for my assignment, I have chosen to examine why Disney and Pixar merged as a company. A brief definition of an Acquisition and a merger will be given following with the difference between them. I will be discussing if these two companies were a success or a failure and why and which were their reasonsRead MoreCase Conflict at Walt Disney880 Words   |  4 PagesManagement Organization ____________________________________________________________________________ Week 6 Case Assignment 1. How would you describe the conflict between Michael Eisner and the Weinstein brother, the two board members (Disney and Gold), and Steve Jobs† Was it functional or dysfunctional? The functional conflict is defined as a confrontation between groups that enhances and benefits the organization’s performance’ while dysfunctional conflict is defined as any confrontation or interaction

Hiv / Aids As A Pandemic For Global Health - 2101 Words

A little over three decades ago, reports emerged of a new virus that was outbreaking in parts of the United States. Within the first twelve months of these reports, the disease sprung up among particular people groups such as homosexual men, patients with hemophilia, intravenous drug users and blood-transfusion recipients. Shortly after, an epidemic of AIDS emerged in Central Africa, particularly affecting women. Little was it known at that time that these small handful of cases would eventually multiply into the tens of millions of cases that makes HIV/AIDS one of the greatest epidemics in the modern history of global health. This essay seeks to demonstrate that although HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest health threats to the international community, interventions can be created which allow the successful treatment, prevention, care and support for communities facing the pandemic. Before discussing how HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic for global health, it is important to first establish an understanding of what exactly HIV/AIDS means and how the disease has been able to spread so rapidly across many countries and continents. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system and undermines a person’s ability to fight infections. As the virus destroys and weakens the immune cells vital functions, individuals become immunodeficient which results in increased vulnerability to a range of diseases and infections (WHO 2016). The most advanced stage of HIV infection,Show MoreRelatedThe Presence And Outbreak Of An Infectious Disease1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease can have global consequences. Such consequences include the deaths of many people due to an inability to contain the disease. When an infectious disease spreads to, and affects, different populations, this is known as a pandemic. One pandemic that has had far reaching consequences is th at of HIV (human immunodeficiency)/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency symptoms), which officially began in 1981 and since has taken the lives of over 39 million people worldwide (PBS). The HIV virus attacks one’sRead Moreecological model of health1211 Words   |  5 PagesApplying the IOM’s (Institute of Medicine) Ecological Model of Health Abstract This paper discusses how IOM’s ecological model can be used to stop the AIDs pandemic which is a health issue globally. This is because the number of people infected with the disease has increased over the years, since the first case was reported. Statistics show that over 34 million people are infected globally. The disease has been declared a pandemic due to the effects it has caused globally. Therefore, urgencyRead MoreStephen Lewis, A Canadian Politician And Humanitarian1311 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer through the AIDS pandemic, and critically examined how the neglect of global communities and their discrimination contributed to its failure to resolve. While the rest of the world seemed to be unresponsive to an AIDS-ravaged continent, Mr. Lewis found himself passionately involved in the crisis and began to take action. Since his involvement with the United Nations in 1984, Stephen Lewis has tirelessly advocated for African citizens affected by HIV and AIDS, ensured that health care and treatmentRead MoreCommunicable Disease: HIV/AIDS1243 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Communicable Disease: HIV/AIDS What is a communicable disease? A  communicable  disease  is carried by microorganisms and transmitted through people, animals, surfaces, foods, or air.  Therefore, communicable diseases rely on fluid exchange, contaminated substances, or close contact to travel from an infected carrier to a healthy individual. The  disease  might need a blood exchange via an injection, float along a  sneeze  in a movie theater, or transmitted through childbirth. Hence, a human-to-humanRead MoreHuman Development Index to Measure Living Standards Within a Country, Especially HIV883 Words   |  4 Pagesstressing the ‘living’ rather than the means of attaining it (GDP). Thus, proposing an index that could function as a standpoint for economic and as well as social improvement. Among the various components found in the HDI there are 3 important ones: Health, Education and Wealth (United Nations Development Programme, 2013). Nevertheless, this indicator, since its conception, never stopped being criticised. (Srinivasan, 1994) Suggested that poor data quality was rampant in the HDI calculation, especiallyRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs andRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Global Health System1606 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS: A global health system Rita K. Asiedu Rutgers University Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multipleRead MoreArticle 567 Of The 2009 Burundian Penal Code1450 Words   |  6 Pagesnew law has amplified the challenges of preventing HIV/AIDS within this community, which in turn negatively affects the overall efforts for global eradication of HIV. Reports of AIDS in Burundi first surfaced in 1983. At the time, same-sex behavior was not considered a criminal act. In fact, Burundi does not always have a history of homophobia - especially compared to the discrimination faced in its neighboring countries. Today in Burundi, HIV is one of the major causes of fatality. In 2015, aboutRead MoreGlobal Health Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesanticipate, prevent, and ameliorate global health problems would diminish Americas stature in the realm of health and jeopardize our own †¨health, economy, and national security, stated by The Institute of Medicine. Global health refers to health phenomenon that transcends across national borders. For instance, global health would address predicaments such as: infectious and insect-borne diseases that can spread from one country to another. Thus, global health should be addressed by collaborativeRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1416 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Viru s (HIV) has been scouring the planet for over three decades. It has a powerful ability to deteriorate a human body in a small length of time. This deadly virus attacks the human body’s immune system and can only survive in the human as its host. The virus is only contracted through body fluid exchange, for example, vaginal fluid, semen, intravenous drug users, and sexual intercourse is the most common way of contracting it. The virus attacks the T cells (type of white

Rationale of Expansionary Monetary Policy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rationale of Expansionary Monetary Policy. Answer: Introduction: Canadian economy is growing in a fast pace due to various reasons such as GDP, increasing employment rate and expansionary fiscal policy management. The economy of Canada experienced a growth rate in its GDP by 3.7 percent, which in turn increased the household expenditure by 1.1 percent. The county also experienced a growth in its exports by 0.2 percent in its fourth quarter. Other factors that is affects the growth rate of the Canada is its increasing population. Canada experienced n increase in its population from 34.9 million to 36.5 billion. The country also experiences a high literacy rate of 97 percent. Thus, the country experiences an increase in its growth rate by 2 percent. The overall positive environment of the country puts a positive impact on the demand for liquor. This is because people of the country are educated and has the purchasing power required to buy liquor. The high purchasing power f the consumer also shows that they love to lead a high-class life (Hall, Robe rt Marc Lieberman, 2012). From the above figure, it can be seen that due to the above-mentioned factors has put a positive impact on the demand for liquor. The aggregate quantity demanded for liquor has increased from Q to Q1. Such an increase is because of increasing living standard of the people and increasing preference for liquor. The change in aggregate demand for liquor is mainly due to changes in other factors rather than price (Baumol et. al., 2015). Thus, the price for liquor is unaffected in the above diagram. Moreover, the product Tequila is considered as a luxury item and thus, it has a relatively elastic demand. The demand for this product is not affected too much extent. With a change in the factors of the economy such as GDP rate, unemployment, purchasing power and the changing life style of the people the demand for liquor will increase but not to that extent (Wetzstein, 2013). The country of Canada aimed at a GDP growth rate of 2 percent in 2017 and a inflation rate between 1 to 3 percent. According to the policy goals of Canada, the country has been able to achieve the growth rate of 1.5 percent and an inflation rate of 1.2 percent (Ryan-Collins, 2015). The monetary policy of the country had the objective of achieving a stable, predictable and low inflation economy. Thus, the country always aimed at two policy components such as inflation control policy and flexible exchange rate policy. In reducing inflation in the country the nation has also targeted a high interest rate policy on loan and mortgages. From the above figure, it can be seen that Canada has experienced an increase in its GDP growth rate management in 2017 compared to its past years. It has a GDP growth rate of 2.7 percent in 2015which increased to 2.8 in 2016. Presently in 2017, the GDP growth rate of Canada increased to 3.7, which even exceeded the estimated growth rate of 3.6 percent. Thus, the economy of Canada is expanding at a faster rate (Svensson, 2015). Figure 3 shows the trend in the inflation rate in Canada from 2015 to 2017. The company had a inflation rate of 1.5 in 2015 which increased by 1 percent to 1.6 in 2016. However, the policy maker of the country aimed to keep the inflation rate between 1 to 3 percent in 2017. According to the data of 2017 in the first two quarters, the country has been able to cut down its inflation to 1.2 percent by increasing its interest rate on loan and mortgages (Argy, Nevile, 2016). From the above figure and data, it is clear that Canadian economy has experienced an increase in its GDP and fall in its inflation rate over the past three years. The economy has been able to achieve the target growth rate and the inflation rate according to the policy of the country. However, on curbing the inflation the bank has increased the interest rate over loans and mortgages (Ekelund Jr, R.B. Hbert, R.F). (2013. This has reduced the money in the hand of the people. On the other hand, the country has experienced an increase in the GDP growth rate over the last three years. This has put the consumers in a better condition. Thus, it can be seen that the country will experience an increase in the demand for liquor, as people are becoming rich and high living style. However, the aggregate demand will not increase to that extent as the government is curbing the money from the hands of the people to curb inflation (Mankiw, 2014). Thus, the data that is presented in the above questi on helps to give the same prediction as stated in question one. Liquor consumption is increasing in Canada at a relative rate even though the government is trying to curb the money from the hands of the people. This is because people of Canada are fun loving and like to lead a good life even with limited amount of money. The GDP of the Canadian economy is very high. As a result of which people the purchasing power of the people will increase. The government will thus adopt deflationary fiscal policy to stabilize the economy. When the government adopts tight fiscal policy, there will be fall in the aggregate demand of liquor. The Government will raise the tax on liquor and thus it will increase the price of liquor. Thus, higher amount of taxes will reduce the spending of the consumers (Sims, 2016). This will also help the government to improve the deficit budget. When the government reduces its expenditure and borrowings, there is increase in the supply of funds in the credit market and thus the interest rate falls. This leads to crowding in effect on the economy. The exchange rate (MXP-CAD) in such a situation will increase and thus will be profitable for the Government (Bordo Landon-Lane, 2013). The expansionary monetary policy will make the consumption attractive compared to the savings. The products will become cheaper for the people of the other economies and it will help the exporters because the exports will become cheaper and it will also boost up the demand Moreover, these expansionary monetary policies will also increase the aggregate demand and thus boost up the economic growth (Bekaert, Hoerova, Duca, 2013). There will be increase in money supply in the economy and thus fall in the interest rate. This low rate of interest will encourage the business firms to invest and the consumers will be attracted to spend more. Moreover low interest rate will make the borrowings cheaper. This will also lower the incentive to save of the people. The exchange rate (MXP-CAD) will fall if there is expansionary monetary policy. This will strengthen the current account thus weaken the financial economy. As the financial condition of the economy declines, the current account will imp rove and thus it will also improve the balance of trade of the country. Thus, the GDP will increase and it will lead to increase in the imports (Hommes, Massaro Salle,2015).). When the government adopts expansionary monetary policy, the exchange rate will fall. This will lower the quantity of imports and thus increase the exports when they are denominated in terms of CAD. This is because CAD will become cheaper for the export countries importing liquor from Canada. These will increase the sales of the domestic firms. The exports will increase when the sale of tequila in terms of Canadian dollar remains unchanged. The imported goods will become more expensive and thus this will lead to inflation in the economy (Cochrane, 2016). When the government adopts deflationary fiscal policy, the exchange rate in terms of CAD will increase. The quantity of imports will increase and the exports will fall. This is because with an increase in the value of exchange rate CAD will become costlier for the foreign company importing Canadian liquor.The sales of the domestic firm will decrease when the value of the Canadian dollar remains unchanged. The value of Mexican peso will increase and thus there will be appreciation in the exchange rate. The imported goods will become cheaper (Ma, 2015). Reference list Argy, V. E., Nevile, J. (Eds.). (2016).Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. Routledge. Baumol, William J., Alan S. Blinder.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning, (2015). Bekaert, G., Hoerova, M., Duca, M. L. (2013). Risk, uncertainty and monetary policy.Journal of Monetary Economics,60(7), 771-788. Bordo, M. D., Landon-Lane, J. (2013).Does expansionary monetary policy cause asset price booms; some historical and empirical evidence(No. w19585). National Bureau of Economic Research. Canada Inflation Rate | 1915-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/inflation-cpi Cochrane, J. H. (2016, April). The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level and its Implications for Current Policy in the United States and Europe. InNext Steps for the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level conference at the Becker Friedman Institute for Research on Economics at the University of Chicago(Vol. 1). Ekelund Jr, R.B. Hbert, R.F. (2013).A history of economic theory and method. Waveland Press. GDP growth (annual %) | Data. (2017).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG Hall, Robert E., Marc Lieberman.Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning, (2012). Hommes, C., Massaro, D., Salle, I. (2015). Monetary and Fiscal Policy Design at the Zero Lower Bound: Evidence from the Lab.CeNDEF working paper, (15-11). Ma, C. F. (2015). An Insight on the Rationale of Using Expansionary Monetary Policy during the Great Recession.University of Toronto Economic Review, 58. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Essentials of economics. Cengage learning. Ryan-Collins, J. (2015). Is monetary financing inflationary? A case study of the Canadian economy, 1935-75. Sims, C. A. (2016, August). Fiscal policy, monetary policy and central bank independence. InKansas Citi Fed Jackson Hole Conference. Svensson, L. E. (2015). The possible unemployment cost of average inflation below a credible target.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(1), 258-296. Wetzstein, M.E. (2013).Microeconomic theory: concepts and connections. Routledge.